7075 T6 Aluminum Alloy Forging Ring

The 7075 T6 aluminum alloy forging ring is an ultra-high strength, heat-treatable aluminum-zinc-magnesium-copper alloy renowned for its exceptional strength-to-weight ratio, superior fatigue strength, and good machinability. Through a precise forging process, its internal microstructure is optimized, with grain flow aligned along the ring’s geometry, making this material excel in applications demanding extreme strength and reliability, such as aerospace, defense, high-performance machinery, and high-pressure equipment:

Primary Alloying Elements:

Zinc (Zn): 5.1-6.1% (primary strengthening element)

Magnesium (Mg): 2.1-2.9% (forms strengthening phases with zinc)

Copper (Cu): 1.2-2.0% (enhances strength and hardness)

Chromium (Cr): 0.18-0.28% (inhibits recrystallization, improves stress corrosion resistance)

Base Material:

Aluminum (Al): Balance

Controlled Impurities:

Iron (Fe): ≤0.50% max

Silicon (Si): ≤0.40% max

Manganese (Mn): ≤0.30% max

Titanium (Ti): ≤0.20% max

Other elements: ≤0.05% each, ≤0.15% total

Premium Forging Process:

Melt Preparation:

High-purity primary aluminum (99.7% minimum)

Precise control of alloying elements with ±0.05% tolerance

Advanced filtration and degassing treatments (e.g., SNIF or vacuum degassing) ensure melt cleanliness

Grain refinement (typically with Al-Ti-B master alloy)

Direct-Chill (DC) semi-continuous casting to produce high-quality ingots

Homogenization:

460-480°C for 12-24 hours

Uniform temperature control: ±5°C

Slow cooling rates ensure uniform distribution of alloying elements and eliminate macro-segregation

Billet Preparation:

Ingot surface conditioning (scalping or milling)

100% ultrasonic inspection to ensure internal flawlessness

Preheating: 380-420°C, with precise temperature uniformity control

Forging Sequence (Ring Forging):

Upsetting: Forging the ingot into a disk or preform ring at 380-420°C

Piercing/Punching: Creating a central hole using intermediate dies or mandrels, gradually forming the ring shape

Ring Rolling: Using a ring rolling machine to axially and radially expand the ring preform, further refining grain structure and controlling dimensions

Die Forging Finish: Final shaping in dies to ensure geometric precision and surface finish

Forging Temperature: 350-400°C (precisely controlled below recrystallization temperature)

Forging Pressure: Thousands to tens of thousands of tons, depending on ring size and complexity

Minimum Reduction Ratio: 4:1 to 6:1, ensuring dense, uniform internal structure, elimination of cast structure, and formation of optimized grain flow

Solution Heat Treatment:

465-480°C for 1-4 hours (depending on ring wall thickness)

Temperature uniformity: ±3°C

Rapid transfer to quenching medium (<10 seconds)

Quenching:

Water quench (room temperature or hot water) or polymer quench

Controlled cooling rate to achieve optimal strength and toughness

Stress Relief (for T651 temper):

Controlled stretching (1-3% plastic deformation) or compression to reduce residual stress

Artificial Aging (T6 temper):

120°C for 24 hours

All production stages are subject to stringent quality control, non-destructive testing, and traceability management.

 

Property	T6	T651	Test Method
Ultimate Tensile Strength	540-590 MPa	540-590 MPa	ASTM E8
Yield Strength (0.2%)	480-530 MPa	480-530 MPa	ASTM E8
Elongation (2 inch)	7-11%	7-11%	ASTM E8
Hardness (Brinell)	150-165 HB	150-165 HB	ASTM E10
Fatigue Strength (5×10⁷ Cycles)	160-180 MPa	160-180 MPa	ASTM E466
Shear Strength	330-360 MPa	330-360 MPa	ASTM B769
Fracture Toughness (K1C, typical)	22-28 MPa√m	22-28 MPa√m	ASTM E399

Property Distribution:

Radial vs. Tangential properties: Forged rings exhibit excellent anisotropy, with grain flow distributed tangentially (circumferentially), providing higher tangential strength and fatigue resistance. Radial and axial properties may be slightly lower.

Wall thickness effect on properties: Strength may slightly increase in thinner wall sections.

Core to surface hardness variation: Less than 5 HB.

Residual Stress: T651 temper significantly reduces residual stress through stress relief treatment, minimizing machining distortion.

Fatigue Performance: Optimized grain flow formed by the forging process significantly improves the material’s fatigue life and resistance to fatigue crack propagation.

 

Key Microstructural Features:

Grain Structure:

Fine, uniform mixed structure of recrystallized grains and elongated non-recrystallized grains aligned tangentially

Grain flow highly matched with the ring’s geometry, uniformly distributed tangentially, maximizing material performance

Al₁₈Mg₃Cr₂ dispersoids formed by Chromium effectively inhibit grain growth and recrystallization

ASTM grain size 6-9 (45-16μm)

Precipitate Distribution:

η’ (MgZn₂) and η (MgZn₂) phases: Uniformly dispersed, providing primary strengthening

Continuous precipitation of MgZn₂ at grain boundaries controlled to reduce stress corrosion sensitivity

Coarse intermetallic compounds formed by minor Fe, Si are effectively broken down and dispersed

Texture Development:

Forging process creates specific texture beneficial for tangential properties

Special Features:

High metallurgical cleanliness, minimizing non-metallic inclusion defects

Strictly controlled grain boundary zinc-depleted zone width and continuous precipitation are critical for SCC resistance

 

Parameter	Standard Range	Precision Tolerance	Commercial Tolerance	Test Method
Outer Diameter	100-1500 mm	±0.5mm up to 500mm	±1.0mm up to 500mm	Micrometer/CMM
		±0.1% above 500mm	±0.2% above 500mm
Inner Diameter	80-1400 mm	±0.5mm up to 500mm	±1.0mm up to 500mm	Micrometer/CMM
		±0.1% above 500mm	±0.2% above 500mm
Wall Thickness	10-300 mm	±0.2mm	±0.5mm	Micrometer/CMM
Height	20-500 mm	±0.2mm	±0.5mm	Micrometer/CMM
Flatness	N/A	0.1mm/100mm Diameter	0.2mm/100mm Diameter	Flatness Gauge/CMM
Concentricity	N/A	0.1mm	0.2mm	Concentricity Gauge/CMM
Surface Roughness	N/A	3.2 μm Ra max	6.3 μm Ra max	Profilometer

 

Standard Available Forms:

Forged Rings: Outer diameter 100mm to 1500mm, wall thickness 10mm to 300mm

Custom dimensions and geometries available according to customer drawings and requirements

Various machining conditions available, e.g., Forged As-Is, Rough Machined, Finish Machined

 

Temper Code	Process Description	Optimal Applications	Key Characteristics
T6	Solution heat treated and artificially aged	Maximum strength, general structural components	Highest strength, but higher SCC sensitivity
T651	T6 + stress relieved by stretching	Critical structural components, low residual stress	High strength, excellent dimensional stability, low machining distortion
T73/T7351	Solution heat treated + overaged treatment	Applications requiring superior SCC resistance	Slightly lower strength, but excellent SCC resistance
T7451	Solution heat treated + two-stage overaging	Balance of strength and SCC resistance	Higher strength than T73, excellent SCC resistance

 

Temper Selection Guidance:

T6: When maximum strength is required and environmental conditions are not severe, or for thick-walled rings not sensitive to SCC

T651: When high strength is required, and the ring will undergo significant precision machining to reduce distortion

T73/T7351: When the ring will operate in corrosive environments and requires extremely high SCC resistance, at the expense of some strength

The T6 temper of 7075 alloy has some sensitivity to SCC. For critical applications, overaged tempers like T73, T74 are generally recommended. The forging process itself helps reduce SCC risk by optimizing grain flow.

 

Operation	Tool Material	Recommended Parameters	Comments
Turning	Carbide, PCD	Vc=100-300 m/min, f=0.1-0.3 mm/rev	High-speed machining for excellent surface finish, attention to chip breaking
Drilling	Carbide, TiN coated	Vc=50-120 m/min, f=0.08-0.2 mm/rev	Through-coolant drills recommended, deep hole drilling requires attention to chip evacuation
Milling	Carbide, HSS	Vc=150-500 m/min, fz=0.05-0.15 mm	High-positive rake angle tools, large depth of cut, high feed
Tapping	HSS-E-PM, TiCN coated	Vc=10-20 m/min	Proper lubrication for good thread quality
Grinding	Aluminum oxide, CBN wheels	Use with caution, can cause surface burns and residual stress	Strict control of parameters and cooling if necessary
Polishing	Soft wheels, abrasive paste	Improves surface finish, reduces stress concentration	Clean surface after polishing

 

Fabrication Guidance:

Machinability Rating: 40% (1100 aluminum = 100%), relatively difficult to machine, especially in T6 temper due to high hardness

Chip Formation: Tends to form fine, broken chips, but heat concentration and requires good chip evacuation and cooling

Coolant: Water-soluble cutting fluid (10-15% concentration), high flow rate cooling; oil-based cutting fluids can also be used

Tool Wear: High, recommend PCD or coated carbide tools, regular inspection

Weldability: Very poor, conventional welding not recommended, limited to special processes like friction stir welding, with significant strength loss after welding

Cold Working: Poor formability, not suitable for cold bending, stamping, etc., usually formed in annealed condition

Hot Working: Forging must be performed under strictly controlled temperature and strain rates

Surface Treatment: Can be anodized (sulfuric anodizing recommended), but does not significantly improve SCC sensitivity.

 

Environment Type	Resistance Rating	Protection Method	Expected Performance
Industrial Atmosphere	Good	Anodizing + sealing	5-10 years
Marine Atmosphere	Fair	Anodizing + sealing/painting	2-5 years
Seawater Immersion	Poor	Strict coating system, or cladding	Depends on coating quality and maintenance
High Humidity	Good	Anodizing + sealing	5-10 years
Stress Corrosion	Fair (T6 temper)	T73/T74 tempers, or protective coating	T6 temper is sensitive, T73/T74 have excellent resistance
Exfoliation	Fair (T6 temper)	T76 temper, or protective coating	T6 temper is sensitive, T76 has excellent resistance
Galvanic Corrosion	Good	Proper isolation	Careful design with dissimilar metals

 

Surface Protection Options:

Anodizing:

Type II (Sulfuric): 10-25μm thickness, improves wear and corrosion resistance, can be dyed

Type III (Hard): 25-75μm thickness, for high wear applications

Conversion Coatings:

Chromate conversion coatings (MIL-DTL-5541): Excellent base for paints or adhesives, provides corrosion protection

Chromium-free alternatives: Environmentally compliant

Painting Systems:

Epoxy primer + polyurethane topcoat: Provides excellent long-term protection, especially for aerospace and military applications

Cladding:

In extreme corrosive environments, cladding with pure aluminum or corrosion-resistant alloy layers may be considered, but adds weight and cost

 

 

Property	Value	Design Consideration
Density	2.81 g/cm³	Weight calculation and structural optimization
Melting Range	477-635°C	Heat treatment window and welding limitations
Thermal Conductivity	130 W/m·K	Thermal management, heat transfer design
Electrical Conductivity	33% IACS	Electrical conductivity in electrical applications
Specific Heat	860 J/kg·K	Thermal mass and heat capacity calculations
Thermal Expansion (CTE)	23.4 ×10⁻⁶/K	Dimensional changes due to temperature variations
Young’s Modulus	71.7 GPa	Deflection and stiffness calculations
Poisson’s Ratio	0.33	Structural analysis parameter
Damping Capacity	Medium-Low	Vibration and noise control

 

Design Considerations:

Operating Temperature Range: -60°C to +100°C (strength significantly degrades above this)

Cryogenic Performance: Slight increase in strength at low temperatures, toughness remains good, no brittle transition

Magnetic Properties: Non-magnetic

Recyclability: High-value recyclable material

Dimensional Stability: Excellent in T651 temper, suitable for precision machining

Strength-to-Weight Ratio: Among the highest for aluminum alloys, ideal for aerospace materials

 

Standard Testing Procedures:

Chemical Composition:

Optical emission spectroscopy

Inert gas fusion (hydrogen content)

Verification of all alloying elements and impurity content

Mechanical Testing:

Tensile testing (radial, tangential, axial)

Hardness testing (Brinell, multiple locations)

Fracture toughness testing (K1C, per ASTM E399)

Fatigue testing (as required, e.g., rotating bending fatigue, crack growth rate)

Stress Corrosion Cracking testing (SCC, per ASTM G44, G47), especially for T6 temper

Nondestructive Testing:

Ultrasonic inspection (100% volumetric, per AMS 2630 class A1, AMS-STD-2154, or ASTM E2375 Level 2)

Eddy current testing (surface and near-surface defects)

Penetrant inspection (surface defects)

Radiographic testing (internal macroscopic defects)

Microstructural Analysis:

Grain size determination

Grain flow pattern verification

Precipitate evaluation (TEM/SEM)

Recrystallization degree assessment

Dimensional Inspection:

CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine) verification

Outer diameter, inner diameter, wall thickness, height, flatness, concentricity, etc.

Standard Certifications:

Mill Test Report (EN 10204 3.1 or 3.2)

Chemical analysis certification

Mechanical properties certification

Heat treatment/forging certification

Nondestructive testing certification

Conformance to AMS 4133 (ring forgings), AMS 4145, ASTM B247 (forgings), and other aerospace standards

AS9100 or ISO 9001 quality management system certification

 

Primary Applications:

Aerospace:

Engine casings, guide vane rings

Aircraft turbine components

Landing gear attachments

Rocket and missile casing rings

Defense:

Military vehicle turret rings

Gun turret bases

High-pressure vessel flanges

High-Performance Machinery:

Heavy machinery bearing races

High-speed rotating components

Precision instrument structural parts

Industrial Equipment:

Oil and gas drilling equipment components

Valves and flanges

Design Advantages:

Extremely high strength-to-weight ratio for lightweight design

Forging process creates optimized grain flow, improving fatigue strength and fracture toughness

Good machinability (relative to other ultra-high strength steels)

Low residual stress in T651 temper, excellent dimensional stability, suitable for precision machining

Non-magnetic

Design Limitations:

T6 temper has some sensitivity to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and exfoliation corrosion; for critical applications, overaged tempers like T73, T74 should be considered

Very poor weldability, conventional welding not recommended

Poor cold formability, usually formed in annealed condition

Poor heat resistance, performance degrades rapidly at elevated temperatures

Relatively high cost

Economic Considerations:

7075 T6 forged rings are high-performance materials, with higher initial costs

Complex forging, heat treatment, and inspection processes add to production costs

Despite the high cost, its superiority makes it irreplaceable in applications requiring extreme performance and reliability

Sustainability Aspects:

7075 alloy is a recyclable material, contributing to resource circularity

Lightweight design in aerospace helps reduce fuel consumption and carbon emissions

Long product lifespan and high reliability reduce replacement and waste generation

Material Selection Guidance:

Choose 7075 T6 forged rings when maximum strength and lightweight are required, and the service environment is non-corrosive, or effective protection measures are in place

Suitable for ring-shaped structural components subjected to high stress, fatigue loads, and requiring high reliability

For applications potentially exposed to stress corrosion or exfoliation corrosion risks, prioritize overaged tempers of 7075 (e.g., T73, T74) or 7050 alloy