5083 Large Diameter Aluminum Alloy Forging Ring

 

The 5083 large diameter aluminum alloy forging ring is a high-strength, non-heat-treatable aluminum-magnesium alloy (Al-Mg series) renowned for its exceptional corrosion resistance (especially in marine and industrial environments), excellent weldability, good moderate strength, and outstanding cryogenic toughness. Through precise forging, particularly for large diameter rings, its internal microstructure is optimized, with grain flow aligned along the ring’s geometry, making this material an ideal choice for applications demanding extreme reliability, corrosion resistance, weldability, and performance in large structural components, such as shipbuilding, offshore engineering, cryogenic storage tanks, pressure vessels, rail transport, and military industries:

Primary Alloying Elements:

Magnesium (Mg): 4.0-4.9% (primary strengthening element, provides strength and good weldability)

Manganese (Mn): 0.4-1.0% (further enhances strength and refines grain)

Chromium (Cr): 0.05-0.25% (inhibits recrystallization, improves stress corrosion resistance)

Titanium (Ti): 0.15% max (grain refinement)

Base Material:

Aluminum (Al): Balance

Controlled Impurities:

Iron (Fe): 0.40% max

Silicon (Si): 0.40% max

Copper (Cu): 0.10% max

Zinc (Zn): 0.25% max

Other elements: 0.05% max each, 0.15% max total

Premium Forging Process (for Large Diameter Rings):

Melt Preparation:

High-purity primary aluminum (99.7% minimum)

Precise control of alloying elements with ±0.03% tolerance

Advanced filtration and degassing treatments (e.g., inert gas sparging, SNIF, vacuum degassing) ensure ultra-high melt cleanliness, minimizing inclusions

Grain refinement (typically with Al-Ti-B master alloy) to obtain a uniform and fine as-cast structure

Specially designed Direct-Chill (DC) casting systems for producing large-sized ingots with high internal quality, possibly utilizing electromagnetic stirring (EMC) technology to improve ingot quality

Homogenization:

Multi-stage homogenization at 450-480°C for 16-36 hours (depending on ingot size)

Uniform temperature control: ±3°C, ensuring uniform distribution of alloying elements, elimination of macro-segregation, and improved ductility

Billet Preparation:

Ingot surface conditioning (scalping or milling) to remove surface defects

100% ultrasonic inspection to ensure internal flawlessness (conforming to AMS 2630 class A1 or ASTM E2375 Level 2)

Preheating: 380-420°C, with precise temperature uniformity control to ensure ductility before deformation

Forging Sequence (Large Diameter Ring Forgings):

Upsetting: Multiple upsetting steps of large ingots at 380-420°C to break down the as-cast structure and form a pancake or disk-shaped preform

Piercing: Creating a central hole on large hydraulic presses using dies or mandrels, gradually forming the annular hole and compressing the ring wall, further refining grains

Ring Rolling: The critical ring rolling process on large diameter ring rolling machines. Through axial and radial reduction, grain flow is highly aligned circumferentially along the ring, eliminating internal voids and porosity, improving density and circumferential properties. Ring rolling is typically performed in multiple passes to ensure uniform deformation and avoid defects.

Die Forging Finish (Optional): For rings requiring extremely high dimensional accuracy, final shaping can be performed on large die forging presses to ensure geometric precision and surface quality.

Forging Temperature: 350-400°C (precisely controlled) to prevent excessive grain growth and cracking

Forging Pressure: Tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of tons using large hydraulic presses and ring rolling machines to ensure sufficient deformation of large billets

Minimum Reduction Ratio: 4:1 to 6:1, ensuring dense, uniform internal structure, complete elimination of as-cast structure, and formation of optimized grain flow

Annealing (Optional):

If further processing is required or if sensitivity to residual stress is a concern, annealing (O temper) can be performed after forging to lower hardness and improve ductility.

Subsequent Work Hardening and Stabilization Treatments (to form H tempers):

H111: Moderately strain hardened after full annealing, suitable for general structures.

H112: Flattened only after forging, retaining the as-forged condition, suitable for further processing before machining.

H321: Stabilized H32 temper, providing excellent stress corrosion resistance.

All production stages are subject to stringent quality control, non-destructive testing, and traceability management, especially for the internal quality control of large diameter rings.

 

Property	H112	H321	O	Test Method
Ultimate Tensile Strength	300-340 MPa	310-350 MPa	270-300 MPa	ASTM E8
Yield Strength (0.2%)	150-180 MPa	215-260 MPa	120-150 MPa	ASTM E8
Elongation (2 inch)	16-22%	10-16%	18-25%	ASTM E8
Hardness (Brinell)	70-85 HB	95-110 HB	60-70 HB	ASTM E10
Fatigue Strength (5×10⁸ Cycles)	120-150 MPa	130-160 MPa	90-120 MPa	ASTM E466
Shear Strength	170-200 MPa	190-220 MPa	150-180 MPa	ASTM B769
Fracture Toughness (K1C, typical)	30-40 MPa√m	25-35 MPa√m	35-45 MPa√m	ASTM E399

 

Property Distribution:

Radial vs. Tangential properties: Large diameter forged rings exhibit excellent anisotropy. Ring rolling highly aligns grain flow circumferentially along the ring, providing higher tangential strength, fatigue resistance, and fracture toughness. Radial and axial properties may be slightly lower, but the difference is controlled.

Wall thickness effect on properties: Strength may slightly increase in thinner wall sections. For large diameter thick-walled rings, uniformity of core and surface properties is crucial, which is ensured by the forging process.

Core to surface hardness variation: Less than 5 HB.

Residual Stress: H112 temper retains some residual stress from forging. H321 temper significantly reduces residual stress through stabilization treatment and improves stress corrosion resistance.

Fatigue Performance: Optimized grain flow and dense microstructure formed by the forging process significantly improve the material’s fatigue life and resistance to fatigue crack propagation, which is particularly critical in large structural components.

Cryogenic Performance: Strength and toughness even improve in extremely low-temperature environments, with no brittle transition, making it an excellent cryogenic structural material.

 

Key Microstructural Features:

Grain Structure:

Fine, uniform mixed structure of recrystallized grains and elongated non-recrystallized grains aligned tangentially

Grain flow highly matched with the ring’s geometry, uniformly distributed tangentially, maximizing material performance

Fine dispersoids formed by Manganese (Mn), Chromium (Cr), and Titanium (Ti) effectively inhibit grain growth and recrystallization

ASTM grain size 6-9 (45-16μm), or finer grains (ASTM 8-10)

Precipitate Distribution:

Mg₂Al₃ phase: Fine and uniformly dispersed, acting as the primary strengthening phase

Continuous precipitation of Mg₂Al₃ at grain boundaries is effectively controlled to avoid stress corrosion sensitivity

Small amounts of primary intermetallic compounds like AlFeMn are effectively broken down and dispersed, with controlled size and quantity

Texture Development:

Forging process creates specific texture beneficial for tangential properties, optimizing strength, toughness, and fatigue resistance

Special Features:

Ultra-high metallurgical cleanliness, minimizing non-metallic inclusion defects through advanced melting and casting technologies

Morphology and distribution of continuous grain boundary precipitates (beta phase) are precisely controlled to maximize stress corrosion resistance

 

Parameter	Standard Range	Precision Tolerance	Commercial Tolerance	Test Method
Outer Diameter	500-4000+ mm	±1.0mm up to 1000mm	±2.0mm up to 1000mm	Micrometer/CMM
		±0.1% above 1000mm	±0.2% above 1000mm
Inner Diameter	400-3900+ mm	±1.0mm up to 1000mm	±2.0mm up to 1000mm	Micrometer/CMM
		±0.1% above 1000mm	±0.2% above 1000mm
Wall Thickness	50-600+ mm	±0.5mm	±1.0mm	Micrometer/CMM
Height	50-800+ mm	±0.5mm	±1.0mm	Micrometer/CMM
Flatness	N/A	0.3mm/m	0.6mm/m	Flatness Gauge/CMM
Concentricity	N/A	0.3mm	0.6mm	Concentricity Gauge/CMM
Surface Roughness	N/A	6.3 μm Ra max	12.5 μm Ra max	Profilometer

 

Standard Available Forms:

Forged Rings: Outer diameter up to 4000mm+, wall thickness up to 600mm+

Custom dimensions and geometries available according to customer drawings and requirements, offering various conditions from as-forged blanks to rough or finish machined states

Available in various heat treatment tempers, such as O, H112, H321

 

Temper Code	Process Description	Optimal Applications	Key Characteristics
O	Fully annealed, softened	Applications requiring maximum formability, or subsequent deep processing	Maximum ductility, lowest strength
H111	Moderately strain hardened after full annealing	General structures, excellent post-weld properties	Good balance of strength and ductility
H112	Flattened only after forging	Suitable for further processing before machining, with residual stresses from forging	As-forged condition, moderate strength, excellent corrosion resistance
H321	Stabilized H32 temper	High strength, strict corrosion resistance (especially SCC) requirements	Excellent SCC resistance, higher strength
H116	H112 temper with special stabilization treatment	High strength, excellent SCC and exfoliation corrosion resistance	Best corrosion resistance and high strength

 

Temper Selection Guidance:

O: When complex cold forming operations are required for large diameter rings, or as an initial state for subsequent processing.

H112: When utilizing the as-forged microstructure and properties, and further processing is required.

H321: When extremely high requirements for corrosion resistance (especially stress corrosion cracking) are present, along with higher strength demands, commonly used in large diameter thick-walled structures.

H116: When the most stringent requirements for SCC and exfoliation corrosion resistance exist, typically used for thin-walled structures in marine environments, but not suitable for thick sections due to stabilization treatment limitations. For large diameter thick-walled forged rings, H321 is a more practical and excellent choice.

 

Operation	Tool Material	Recommended Parameters	Comments
Turning	Carbide, PCD	Vc=150-500 m/min, f=0.1-0.5 mm/rev	Easy to achieve good surface finish, attention to chip evacuation
Drilling	Carbide, TiN coated	Vc=60-180 m/min, f=0.15-0.4 mm/rev	Through-coolant drills recommended, good for deep holes
Milling	Carbide, HSS	Vc=200-700 m/min, fz=0.1-0.3 mm	High-positive rake angle tools, large depth of cut, high feed
Tapping	HSS-E-PM, TiCN coated	Vc=15-30 m/min	Proper lubrication for good thread quality
Grinding	Aluminum oxide, CBN wheels	Use with caution, can cause surface burns and residual stress	Strict control of parameters and cooling if necessary
Polishing	Soft wheels, abrasive paste	Improves surface finish, reduces stress concentration	Clean surface after polishing

 

Fabrication Guidance:

Machinability Rating: 70% (1100 aluminum = 100%), good machinability, lower than 2xxx and 7xxx alloys, but higher than pure aluminum

Chip Formation: Gummy chips, tend to wrap around tools, requires good chip breakers and high-flow coolant

Coolant: Water-soluble cutting fluid (8-12% concentration), high flow rate cooling

Tool Wear: Moderate, regular tool inspection needed

Weldability: Excellent with TIG and MIG welding, one of the best weldable aluminum alloys, with high weld strength, suitable for assembly of large complex structures

Cold Working: Good formability in O temper, moderate in H112 temper, poor in H321 temper

Hot Working: Recommended temperature range 300-400°C, with strict control over deformation amount and rate

Stress Corrosion Cracking: H321 and H116 tempers have excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking

Cryogenic Properties: Retains or improves strength and toughness at extremely low temperatures, with no brittle transition

 

Environment Type	Resistance Rating	Protection Method	Expected Performance
Industrial Atmosphere	Excellent	Clean surface	20+ years
Marine Atmosphere	Excellent	Clean surface	15-20+ years
Seawater Immersion	Excellent	Cathodic protection or painting	10-20+ years with maintenance
High Humidity	Excellent	Clean surface	20+ years
Stress Corrosion	Excellent (H321/H116 tempers)	No additional protection needed	Extremely low susceptibility
Exfoliation	Excellent (H321/H116 tempers)	Standard protection	Extremely low susceptibility
Galvanic Corrosion	Good	Proper isolation	Careful design with dissimilar metals

 

Surface Protection Options:

Anodizing:

Type II (Sulfuric): 10-25μm thickness, provides additional protection and aesthetics

Type III (Hard): 25-75μm thickness, increases wear resistance and hardness

Conversion Coatings:

Chromate conversion coatings (MIL-DTL-5541): Excellent base for paints or adhesives

Chromium-free alternatives: Environmentally compliant

Painting Systems:

Epoxy primer + polyurethane topcoat: Provides excellent long-term protection, especially for marine and offshore applications

 

Property	Value	Design Consideration
Density	2.66 g/cm³	Lightweight design, center of gravity control
Melting Range	570-640°C	Welding and casting parameters
Thermal Conductivity	120 W/m·K	Thermal management, heat transfer design
Electrical Conductivity	33% IACS	Electrical conductivity in electrical applications
Specific Heat	897 J/kg·K	Thermal mass and heat capacity calculations
Thermal Expansion (CTE)	23.8 ×10⁻⁶/K	Dimensional changes due to temperature variations
Young’s Modulus	70.3 GPa	Deflection and stiffness calculations
Poisson’s Ratio	0.33	Structural analysis parameter
Damping Capacity	Moderate	Vibration and noise control

 

Design Considerations:

Operating Temperature Range: -270°C to +80°C (long-term use above 65°C may lead to sensitization, affecting SCC sensitivity)

Cryogenic Performance: Maintains or improves strength and toughness at extremely low temperatures, with no brittle transition, ideal for cryogenic structural materials, widely used in LNG tanks

Magnetic Properties: Non-magnetic

Recyclability: 100% recyclable with high scrap value

Formability: Good in O temper, moderate in H112 temper, poor in H321 temper

Dimensional Stability: Good dimensional stability after forging and stabilization treatment

Strength-to-Weight Ratio: Significant advantage in applications requiring high strength, corrosion resistance, and large structural components

 

Standard Testing Procedures:

Chemical Composition:

Optical emission spectroscopy

X-ray fluorescence analysis

Inert gas fusion (hydrogen content)

Verification of all major elements and impurity content

Mechanical Testing:

Tensile testing (radial, tangential, axial, particularly for thick-walled rings, samples needed at different depths)

Hardness testing (Brinell, multiple locations)

Impact testing (Charpy V-notch, especially for cryogenic applications, tested at specified temperatures)

Fatigue testing (as required)

Stress Corrosion Cracking testing (SCC, per ASTM G44, G47, particularly for H116/H321 tempers)

Nondestructive Testing:

Ultrasonic inspection (100% volumetric, with special attention to internal quality of large diameter thick-walled forgings, conforming to AMS 2630 class A1/AA or ASTM E2375 Level 2)

Eddy current testing (surface and near-surface defects)

Penetrant inspection (surface defects)

Radiographic testing (internal macroscopic defects, for critical areas)

Microstructural Analysis:

Grain size determination

Precipitate and intermetallic compound evaluation

Grain flow pattern verification

Recrystallization degree assessment

Dimensional Inspection:

CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine) verification

Outer diameter, inner diameter, wall thickness, height, flatness, concentricity, etc., with comprehensive geometric dimensional control for large rings

Standard Certifications:

Mill Test Report (EN 10204 3.1 or 3.2)

Chemical analysis certification

Mechanical properties certification

Heat treatment/forging certification

Nondestructive testing certification

Conformance to ASTM B247 (forgings), GB/T 3880 (Chinese standard), EN AW-5083, DNV GL, Lloyd’s Register, ABS, and other classification societies.

 

Primary Applications:

Marine Industry:

Large ship and yacht structural components (decks, bulkheads, hull connecting rings)

Offshore drilling platforms, Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) unit structures

Large components for seawater desalination equipment

Cryogenic Engineering:

Key structural components for large Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) storage tanks and carriers, such as ring girders, skirt supports, etc.

Liquid rocket fuel storage tanks

Pressure Vessels:

Flanges, heads, and shell sections for large pressure vessels in nuclear power plants, chemical reactors, etc.

Rail Transit:

High-speed train body structural components, wheel hubs, etc.

Military:

Naval vessel structures, armored vehicle components, missile launch tubes, etc.

Design Advantages:

Excellent corrosion resistance, especially in marine and industrial environments, with very high resistance to seawater corrosion

Superior weldability, with high weld strength and good ductility, suitable for assembly of large complex structures

Exceptional cryogenic toughness, with properties maintained or improved at extremely low temperatures, no brittle transition

Good moderate strength and excellent ductility, suitable for large structural components

Forging process optimizes grain flow and internal quality, improving fatigue resistance and fracture toughness

Excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking and exfoliation corrosion (H321/H116 tempers)

Lightweight, contributing to energy savings and emission reduction

Non-magnetic

Design Limitations:

Cannot be strengthened by heat treatment; strength limit is lower than 2xxx and 7xxx series high-strength alloys

Long-term use above 65°C may lead to sensitization (due to continuous precipitation of Mg₂Al₃ phase), increasing susceptibility to stress corrosion. Operating temperature needs to be controlled or H321 temper chosen.

Strength level is lower than aerospace alloys like 7075, but its corrosion resistance and weldability are superior.

Forging difficulty and cost increase with size.

Economic Considerations:

Manufacturing cost of large diameter forged rings is high, but their exceptional performance and reliability in large critical structures provide irreplaceable value

Excellent corrosion resistance reduces long-term maintenance and replacement needs, lowering total life cycle costs

Good weldability reduces the difficulty and cost of manufacturing complex large structures

Lightweight properties help reduce fuel costs for transportation, especially in shipbuilding and rail transit

Sustainability Aspects:

100% recyclable, high resource recycling rate, conforming to green manufacturing concepts

Energy consumption and carbon emissions in aluminum production processes are continuously optimized

Long product lifespan and high reliability reduce waste generation

Material Selection Guidance:

Choose 5083 large diameter forged rings when high strength, exceptional corrosion resistance (especially to seawater), excellent weldability, cryogenic toughness, and large structural stability are required

Suitable for critical structures such as marine vessels, LNG tanks, and large pressure vessels, where superior internal quality and circumferential properties obtained through forging are essential

For structures serving long-term at temperatures above 65°C, H321 temper should be selected, and operating temperature strictly controlled.

When higher strength and good corrosion resistance are required, 5A06 alloy can be considered.